Tag Archive for: Heat Transfer Efficiency

Cleaning up combustion: TOO COLD!

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In the middle of August, we had three stoves under development using the three emission hoods (two-forced draft, one natural draft). Sam and Travis built the natural draft hood to help improve heating stoves. Sam is thinking about making another one, number four, since we are working on more heating stoves and things can get a bit backed up.

During testing teams often trade observations during the day and sometimes, when the air temperature gets a bit elevated, I’ve heard folks exclaim: “WOW, FIRE HOT!”

What makes fire colder? Things like:

  1. The air entering the combustion chamber (~30C in August)
  2. Surfaces that absorb heat, like thermal mass or
  3. Pots of water (~100C)

Thermometers are very helpful when trying to improve performance! Both combustion and heat transfer efficiency increase when temperatures rise. Taking a stove’s temperature(s) can facilitate making helpful changes in a prototype. 

WOW, look at the temperature, IT’S HOT!

Heat Transfer Efficiency!

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Heat Transfer Efficiency!

http://nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/overall-heat-transfer-coefficient-equation.png

Wow, heat transfer efficiency is easy to understand! 

Read on…

Raising the Temperature of gases flowing next to the heat exchanger (the pot in a cook stove) is probably the most effective technique in a Rocket stove to increase heat transfer efficiency (use less wood for cooking).

Doubling the Temperature of gases doubles heat transfer efficiency.

Doubling the Area exposes to the gases doubles heat transfer efficiency.

Doubling the Velocity of gases ~doubles heat transfer efficiency.

Doubling Radiation increases heat transfer efficiency to the 4th power.

Increasing the view factor helps, too! That’s the proportion of the radiation strikes the bottom surface of the pot.

A 6mm to 7mm channel gap pot skirt increases heat transfer efficiency by ~ 25%.

Simmering at the needed low firepower can save a lot of fuel, too.

Mass, Insulation and Thermal Efficiency

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Kuniokoa Stove, original top replaced with cast iron top.

It is more likely that close to 50% thermal efficiency will be achieved with a biomass burning stove when:

  • Small sticks are burned that produce tall, hot flames while using the least amount of wood.
  • A 30cm in diameter aluminum pot is used with a 14cm high pot skirt that creates a 6mm channel gap.
  • The stove top (with 6mm pot supports) weighs as little as possible. The narrow channel gaps in the stove top effectively deliver wasted heat from the hot gases into the stove top while increasing beneficial convective heat transfer into the pot, so less mass to hold the heat is better.
  • A grate helps the sticks to make tall, hot flames and reduces the made charcoal.

Starting with all of the above, we tested various Rocket stove combinations to try to determine the effect of mass in the combustion chamber. The Kuniokoa Rocket stove is the lightest Rocket stove in our museum – it is made from sheet metal without insulation. (A refractory metal combustion chamber lasts longer when uninsulated.) When tested at high power (4,645 watts) the thermal efficiency was 51.7%, PM2.5 was Tier 2, and CO was Tier 3. Thermal efficiency dropped to 46.1% when we exchanged the Kuniokoa sheet metal stove top (0.31 kilo) with a cast iron version (2.36 kilo).

A similar Shengzhou Stove Manufacturer (SSM) Rocket stove was tested with a refractory cement combustion chamber (2.7 kilo) surrounded with rock wool insulation. The stove top was made from lightweight 304 stainless steel. When tested at high power (4,816 watts) the thermal efficiency was 48.6%, PM2.5 was Tier 2, and CO was Tier 3. The refractory cement combustion chamber is heavier but it can be insulated because the material has a working temperature of 1,100°C.

When a SSM lighter refractory ceramic combustion chamber (1.2 kilo) was exchanged into the SSM Rocket stove with rock wool insulation and a lightweight 304 stainless steel stove top, the thermal efficiency (at 4,709 watts) rose to 51.4%, with Tier 2 for PM2.5 and Tier 3 for CO.

  • It may be that insulating a one kilo combustion chamber in a Rocket stove offsets the disadvantage of the higher mass when compared to uninsulated sheet metal.
  • In these tests, adding another kilo to the insulated combustion chamber in the SSM Rocket stove lowered thermal efficiency from 51% to 46%.
  • When the mass of the stove top was increased from 0.3 to 2.3 kilos, thermal efficiency dropped by about 5%.
Sad cooking pot on a stove

TARP-V: Optimizing heat transfer efficiency

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Two cooking pots
Mind the Gap!

Here are the TLUD (Top-Lit Up Draft Stove) derived heat transfer principles that ARC designers use when designing and improving stoves. They are just as important for Rocket stoves as TLUDs:

T: The temperature of the hot gas contacting the pot or griddle should be as hot as possible.

A: Expose as much of the surface area of the pot or griddle to the hot gases as practical.

R: Increasing heat transfer by radiation is important. Move the zone of combustion as close to the surface to be heated without increasing harmful emissions.

P: Optimize the proximity of the hot gases to the pot or griddle by reducing the channel gap without reducing the velocity of the gases. Reduce the thermal resistance with appropriately sized channel gaps under and at the sides of the pot. Match the firepower to the channel gap size and to the size of the pot or griddle.

V: In convective heat transfer, the primary resistance is in the surface boundary layer of very slowly moving gas immediately adjacent to a wall. Increase the velocity of the hot gas as it flows past the pot without reducing the temperature of the gases. As a rule of thumb, heat transfer efficiency can double when the velocity of the hot gases also doubles (N. MacCarty, et al, 2015).