Key findings compared with the 3-stone fire:

• Most stoves that were tested had better thermal efficiency, but some did not.
• Compared with the 3-stone fire, many stoves that were tested had better combustion efficiency, but many did not.
• A natural-draft TLUD stove (ARC) had very high efficiency with processed, wood-pellet fuel with low-moisture content.
• Some forced-draft (fan) stoves had very low emissions – but not all fan stoves did.
• Most natural-draft stoves that were tested showed a bigger improvement (lower emissions) over the 3-stone fire with high moisture fuel than with low-moisture fuel.
• A natural-draft TLUD stove (ARC) had very low emissions – but required processed, wood pellet fuel with low-moisture content.
• Two rocket stoves were tested at a “medium power” level – and had lower emissions (per energy delivered to cooking pot) than at maximum power.
• Charcoal stoves had high emissions of CO and high emissions of PM during start-up.